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Контрольная работа 2Text 4. II Write the etymology of the words. be; that (OE b on; a t) - these words belong to the common IE layer which is the oldest part of the OE vocabulary. They go back to the days of the IE parent- language before the appearance of the Germanic group. time(verb) is created from "time"(noun) by way of conversion, a new method of word derivation which arose in Late ME. Conversion is effected through a change in the meaning, the grammatical paradigm and the syntactic use of the word in the sentence. export Franco-Latin borrowing. In the course of its phonetic assimilation the stress was moved closer to the beginning of the word, but in order to preserve the distinction between the verb and the noun, the stress in the verb was retained on the and syllable. n. export - v.export. Cornwall; Thames: Celtic loan-words in the OE vocabulary. Abundant borrowing from Celtic is to be found only in place-names: Thames. Many place-names with Celtic elements are hybrids; the Celtic component, makes a compound place-name: Cornwall. centre American spelling, while leaving untouched the main principles of English spelling, introduced some minor changes in details. For British "centre" American "center" is used. their: Scand. borrowing. The Scandinavian pronoun-they, together with the forms-their, them, themselves, displaced OE native form-hie. find(v) the word belonds to the common Germanic layer. Being specifically Germanic, this word constitutes an important mark of the Germanic languages at the lexical level. sort- Old French borrowing. OF-sorte(noun). necessary(adj) this word is of Latin origin. Latin borrowings of the 16-th and early 17-thc, indicating abstract concepts, were used by educated people. Then the borrowings extended to the other spheres of usage and lost their "learned" character. force, army(n):these military terms adopted in ME are a natural consequence of the fact that military matters were managed by the Normansand that their organisation of the military service was new to the English. land-the word belongs to the common Germanic layer. In Late ME the noun "land" is transformed into the verb "land" with an identical initial form. resistance(n):F. load-word (resistance) newly: This word is formed from a native OE adjective-"new"(OE-lic) NE-ly. depart(v): OF load-word(departir). III. Changes of spelling and sounds. OE ME NE tale tale tale [ ] ? [a:] ? [ ] In 13th c. short vowels were lengthened in open syllables. Unstressed vowels were weaked and reduced to a neutral vowel [ ]. In late ME final [ ] disappered though it continued to be spelt as - e. In 14th - 18th c. all the long vowels became closer or were diphthongised. anne than (ne) than [ ] [ ] ? [ ] [ ] ? [ ] ? [ ] replased by th In ME the short OE [ ] was replaced by [a], but in NE [a] - replased by [ ] OE ME NE corn corn corn [ ] ? [ ] In early NE [r] was vocalised when it stood after vowels. OE ME NE from from [] ? [ ] - power / power power [u:r] ? [ ] "w" was interchangeable with "u" OE ME NE - regardier regard [ar] [a:] ME loan-words from French were assimilated, the word stress was moved closer to the beginning of the word. OE ME NE neden need [y:] ? [e] ? [i:] OE ME NE more more [] ? [ ] ? [ ] OE ME NE body body body " " replaced by "y" OE ME NE buten / but but [a] ? [ ] [u] [u] ? [ ] OE ME NE tacan take take [ ] ? [a:] ? [ ] "c" replaced by "k" Text 16 II Write the etymology of the words. June (noun): OF - juin, L - Juniu-s, sacred to the godness Juno. miserable (adj): OF - miserable, L - miserabbilis course (noun): OF - cours. These words are Old-French borrowings. The 300 years of the domination of French affected English more than any other foreign influence before and after. church (n): OE - cirice, Latin loan-word. Most Latin loan-words were treated in OE texts like native words which means that they were already completely assimilated. battle (n), armour: F. loan-words. These military terms adopted in ME are a natural consequence of the fact that military matters were managed by the Normans/ haff (n): native OE word. It got the wide usade after the French word "moiety" hat not survived in the living language in the period of penetration of F. words in the 12th c. large (adj), sure (adj): F. loan-words. coat (noun): F. loan-word. It is reffered to a semantic group including names of garments. man (noun): native OE word. military (adj) F. - militaire, L. - militaris. way (noun): OE ( ) weapons (n): C.germ. ( ) describe (v): L. (describere) have (v): gothic (haban) prentiful (adj): OF - plentet. It is formed from plenty and suffix OE and ME-ful, developed from the OE adj. full. poorly (adv): F. loan-word. It is formed from poor (adj) and suffix (OE-lic) NE-ly. mass (n): L - missa, OE - . This word found its way to English during the period of the introduction of Christianity in the 6th c. genius (n): L. loan-word. It was borrowed in the 16th and early 17th c. III.Describe the development of the grammatical forms of the words. men Irregular pl. forms - men, women, teeth and the like com from the OE root - stem declension. The root -stems had never had any stem - forming suffix. In early OE the root - vowel in some forms was subjected to phonetic changes: if the grammatical ending contained the sound [i], the vowel was narrowed and / or fronted by palatal mutation. After the ending was dropped the mutated vowel turned out to be the only marker of the form. This peculiarity of the root - stems is of considerable consequence for later history and has left traces in Mod. E. run The OE strong verbs constitute a small group of verbs in present - day English: they belong to non - standart verbs. The changes of their root - vowels or else were brought about by analogy, under the influence of verbs with resembling forms. The verbs with a nasal or nasal plus a plosive in the root (findan, rinnan - NE run) change e /i ? u /o been Beon ( NE - be) is an ancient (IE) suppletive verb. It owes its veriety of forms not only suppletion but also to the dialectal diverse in OE and ME and to the inclusion of various dialectal traits in literary English. Form with the initial - b- were retained or built in ME as the forms of verbals: ME being / beande - Part.1; ben, y - ben - the newly formed. Part 2 ( in OE the verb had no Part.); the Inf. "ben" (NE - being, been , be). themselves The OE oblique case - forms of personal pronouns and the ME possessive pronouns gave rise to one more type of pronouns - reflexive. Reflexive pronouns developed from combinations of some forms of personal pronouns with the adjective - self. "themselves" contains the Obj. Case of personal pronouns an its first component. In ME an important lexical replacement took place: the OE pronoun of the 3rd p. pl. "hie was replaced by the Scand. loan-word "they"; "them, their" replaced the oblique forms: OE "hem" and "heora". are dealing In the OE verb system there was no category of Aspect; verbal prefixes, which could express an aspective meaning of perfectivity, were primarily word-building prefixes. In early ME "ben" plus Part. I occurs occasionally in some dialectal areas. In the 15 thc. "be" plus Part. I was often confused with a synonymous phrase - "be" plus a verbal noun. By that time the Part and the verbal noun had lost their formal differences. In 18thc. the Cont. forms acquired a specific meaning of their own; that of incomplete concrete process of limited duration. Only at that stage the Cont. and non-Cont. made up a new grammatical category- Aspect. was routed In OE the finite verb had no category of Voice. The analytical passive forms developed from OE verb phrases consisting of OE (NE-be) and " " (become) and Part. II of transitive verbs. OE "" was used as a link-verb with a predicative expressed by Part. II to denote a state resalting from a previous action. In ME "ben" plus Past Part. developed into an analytical form. Now it could express not only a state but also an action. In late ME new types of passive constructions appeared: their subject corresponded to other types of objects: indirect and prepositional. The wide use of various pass. constructions in the 18th c. testifies to the high productivity of the Passive Voice. best In OE the adjective (NE-good) had suppletive forms - "bettra - bet(e)st". Suppletion was a very old way of building the degrees of comparison (like in other IE languages: G. - gut, besser, beste) In NE adjective "good" (better, best) is exception. Text 28 II Changes of spelling. OE ME Text - partie party In 13th - 16th c. -i- was replaced by -y- [i] at the end of the word to avoid confusion of resembling letters. reed red [ea:] > [:] > [e] ieldest eldest eldest yldest [y] > [e] eald old old [ea] > [ ] > [ou] - corage courage [u] > [] [ ] > [d ] French load-word:1) stress was moved closer to the beginning of the word; 2) [ ] replaced by [d ] cildru children children [k] > [t ] [i] > [i:] "ch"[t ] replaced "k" ( an influence of French scribal tradition) writen writen written [i:] [i:] > [i] Initial [w] is lost before [r] in 17th c. [w] [w] > - OE ME Text seme(n) seem [] > [:] > [i:] hwit whit white [i] [i:] [ai] In ME "hw" replaced by "wh" f der fader father [ ] > [a] > [a:] (before[ ]) [d] becomes [ ] in the neighbourhood of [r] III Describe the development of the grammatical forms of the words. whose: OE pronouns fell roughly under the same classes as modern pronouns: personal, demonstrative, interrogative and indefinite. In ME and NE the Gen. Case of OE "hwa-hw t" developed into a separate interrogative pronoun ME and NE "whose". eldest: In OE the regular means used to form the comparative and the superlative from the positive were the suffixes-ra, -est/ost. Sometimes suffixation was accompanied by an interchange of the root-vowel: eald-ieldra (ealdra-ieldest) ealdest (NE-old). In ME the degrees of comparison could be built in the same way, only the suffixes had been weakened to-er, -est and the interchange of the root-vowels was less commonthan before. The alternation of root-vowels in early NE survived in the adjective-old "elder, eldest" where the difference in meaming from "older, oldest" made the formal distinction essential. put (Past Ind.) In OE weak verbs formed their past and Part II by means of the dental suffix -d or -t. Verbs like OE "settan" with the root ending in a dental consonant, added the dental suffix without the intervening vowel [e]- OE "sette". When the inflections were reduced and dropped, the 3 stems of the verbs-Present, Past and Part II fell together: NE-put, put, put; set, set, set. have remained. The Perf. forms developed from OE verb phrases. The main source of the Perf form was OE "possessive" construction, consisting of the verb "habban"(NE-have), a direct object and Part. II of a transitive verb. The meaming of the construction was: a person possessed a thing, which was characterised by a certain state resulting from a previous action. The other source of the Perf. forms was the OE phrase consisting of the link-verb "beon" and Part. II of intransitive verbs. Towards ME the 2 verb phrases turned into analytical forms and made up a single set of forms termed "Perfect". In the Perf. form the auxiliary "have" hat lost the meaning of possession and was used with all kinds of verbs without restriction. "Have" was becoming a universal auxiliary. By the age of the Literary Renessance the perf. forms had spread to all the parts of the verb system. written In Class 1 of the OE strong verbs root of the verb originally contained [i], [u]; combination of the gradation vowels with these sounds produced long vowels, consequently the 1st and the 2nd stems. In the 3rd and 4th stems we find the zero-grade of the prolonged grade of ablaut: Class 1 has [i] "writan - wrat - writon - writen". The 7 Classes of OE strong verbes underwent multiple grammatical and phonetic changes. In ME the final syllables of the stem were weakened, in early NE most of them were lost. Part. II with Class 1 - the vowel remained short The most important change in the system of strong verbs was the reduction in the member of stems. NE wrote (Past Ind. of "write") is Past singular form by origin. upsets In OE the verbe-predicate agreed with the subject of the sentence in 2 grammatical categories: number and person. Its specifically verbal categories were mood and tense. Thus in OE "he binde - he binds " - the verb is in the 3rd p. sg., Pres. Tense Ind. Mood. The differences in the forms of Person were maintained in ME . The OE endings of the 3rd p.sg. - merged into a single ending-(e)th. The ending of the 3rd p.-es was borrowed from the pl. form, it became the dominant inflection by the end of the 18th c. Text 30 II. Write the etymology of the world monarhy (noun): Greek load-word. This word referred to a layer of international words, existing in almost identical shape in a number of European languages. bourgeois (n): F. load-word. It is referred to the group of the words indicating titles and ranks of nobility. parliament (n): F. load-word. It belongs to the semantic sphere of the government and administration of the country. virtue (n) F. load-word. From the semantic group of words pertaining to the Church and religion. call: Scand. load-word. treasure (n) F. load-word (OE-treasour). purpose (n) OF. loade-word. -pourpos. themselves (pron) Scand. load-word. It is formed from pronoun them and adj-self. III. CHANGES OF SPELLING OE ME TEXT - vertu [vertju:] > virtue [v :t ] 1) the Accent moved to the 1st syllable. 2)[r] was vocalised and long monophtong [ :] appeared. > hwo/ who [hw :] > who [hu:] "hw" replaced by "wh" - tresour [trezju:r] treasure [tre ] French loan-word: 1)the stress was moved closer to the beginning; 2)the final unstressed vowels were reduced and / or dropped. da [da ] > day [dai] > day [dei] " " is vocalized OE ME Text caru [kaeru] > care [ka:r ] > care(ful) [k ] rwan [] > throwe(n) [ u ] > throw [ u] " " replaced by "th" pund [u] > pound [u:] > pound [au] - purpos [u:r] > purpose [ :] IV. thrusting (Part. I) In OE the Participle was a kind of verbal adjective which was characterised not only by nominal but also by certain verbal features. Part. I was active and expressed present or simultaneous processes and qualities. Part. I was formed from the Pres. tense stem with the help of the suffixes. Part. I agreed with nouns in number, genger and case. The main trends of the evolution of Part. I in ME and NE can be defined as gradual loss of most nominal features (genger, case, number) (except syntactical functions) and growth of verbal features. Part I coincided with the verbal noun, which was formed in OE with the help of the suffixes -und and-ing, had peserved only -ing. would make In OE the forms of Subj. Mood were synthetic. Sybj. did not differ from the Ind. in the 1st p. sg. Pres. Tense-bere, deme-and in the 1st and 3rd p. in the Past. In ME and early NE there strang up several of new analytical forms of Subj. Mood. The sources of the new forms as well as their development are in many respects similar to those of the Future tense. In ME the increased homonymy of the forms stimulated the more extensive use of modal phrases, indicating imaginary actions. Many modal phrases came into use with "biden, granten, etc" as thier first components but "sholde and wolde" outnumbered the other verbs. By the age of Shakespeare the change was complete and the forms should / would-originally Past Subj. of shall / will-had become forms of the Subj. Mood. could ME and NE "can" (from OE - cann, Pres. Ind. sg. 1st and 3rd p) was used not only in the sg. but also in the pl. by the side of "cunnen", the descendant of OE pl.- cunnon. The Pfst Tense Ind. and Subj. appear in ME in 2 variants: couth(e) and coud(e). "Couth" became obsolete in NE, but "coud" was preserved. The insertion of "l" in spelling (could) may be due to the analogy of should and would. sources The grammatical category of the noun, Number is the most stable of alle the nominal categies. The noun preserved the formal distiction of 2 numbers through all the historical periods. Increased variation in Early ME did not obliterate number distinctions. On the pl. spread by analogy to different morphological classes of nouns and thus strengthened the format differentiation of number. In late ME the ending -es was the prevalent marker of nouns in the pl. left (Past Ind.) leave - OE l fan - l lde - l fed is a weak verb of Class 1. rose : rise - (OE - risan - ros - risan - ros - risan - ris n) is a strong verb of Class 1. Работа на этой странице представлена для Вашего ознакомления в текстовом (сокращенном) виде. Для того, чтобы получить полностью оформленную работу в формате Word, со всеми сносками, таблицами, рисунками, графиками, приложениями и т.д., достаточно просто её СКАЧАТЬ.  |
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